初中英語總復(fù)習(xí)之語法篇--動詞的被動語態(tài) 初中英語被動語態(tài)考點聚焦 [焦點一]什么是被動語態(tài)?它是怎樣構(gòu)成的? 被動語態(tài)表明一個被動性動作,它由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與連系動詞be完全一樣。請看下表:
被動語態(tài)否定式為be not done,情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)否定式為情態(tài)動詞+not be done. [焦點二]在什么情況下要使用被動語態(tài)? 在下列情況下要使用被動語態(tài): 1. 行為主體不明確,不必說出或者無法說出動作的執(zhí)行者時。如: Football is played all over the world. 2. 不易找到或根本就不可能找到動作的執(zhí)行者時。如: My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被盜了。 3. 漢語中含有“據(jù)說、據(jù)悉、有人說、大家說”等時。如: It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney. 據(jù)說,有一天他爬到一所房子的頂上,往煙囪下面扔了一些錢。 4. 漢語中含有“被、由”等詞時。如: Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao. 魏華是被林濤叫來的。 5. 漢語中沒有“被、由”等詞,而在原句中試加這類詞且句意通順時。如: These songs are usually sung by boys. 這些歌曲通常是男生唱的。(在“是”后面可以加上“由”) 6. 某些句子習(xí)慣上用被動語態(tài)。如: He was born in October, 1989. 7. 表示禮貌時。如: You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00 p.m. tomorrow. 敬請您明天晚上8:00光臨我們的英語晚會。 [焦點三]那么在什么情況下不能使用被動語態(tài)呢? 在以下10種情況下均不能使用被動語態(tài): 1. 不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: 正:The story happened in London. 誤:The story was happened in London. 2. 表示狀態(tài)的動詞,如have,cost,fit,last,own,hold,become等往往不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: 正:The shirt fits him very well. 誤:He is fitted very well by the shirt. 3. 某些“不及物動詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞,如listen to,walk into,fall off等,往往不使用被動語態(tài)。如: 正:He walked into the room. 誤:The room was walked into by him. 4. 祈使句一般沒有被動語態(tài)。如: 正:Look at the blackboard, please. 誤:The blackboard is looked at by you. 5. 賓語和主語所指的對象相同時不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: 正:We must help each other. 誤:Each other must be helped by us. 6. 某些及物動詞的賓語表示處所、地點、組織時不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: 正:He joined the League in 1998. 誤:The League was joined by him in 1998. 7. 動詞不定式或動詞-ing形式作賓語時不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: 正:They like to watch TV. 誤:To watch TV is liked by them. 正:He enjoys listening to the radio. 誤:Listening to the radio is enjoyed by him. 8. 主動句中有表示數(shù)量、長度、大小或程度的單詞或短語作賓語時往往不使用被動語態(tài)。如: 正:She pays three yuan for the tomatoes. 誤:Three yuan is paid for these tomatoes by her. 9. 由“動詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的英語習(xí)語(如make faces,make friends,take place等)一般不可改為被動語態(tài)。如: 正:The boy make faces in class. 誤:Faces are made by the boy in class. 10. 反身代詞在句中作賓語時,不能用被動語態(tài)。如: 正:You must look after yourself. 誤:Yourself must be looked after. [焦點四]初中英語被動語態(tài)八注意
1.我們知道,主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,通常將主動語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)橛山樵~by引導(dǎo)的賓語;謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)“be +過去分詞”形式,例如:
Everyone likes the interesting film. (主動語態(tài)) → The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被動語態(tài)) They used knives to cut things. (主動語態(tài)) → Knives are used to cut things. (被動語態(tài)) 但是,并非所有由“be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成的形式就是被動語態(tài)。有時過去分詞已經(jīng)變?yōu)樾稳菰~,表示一種狀態(tài)。試比較: My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥對英語非常感興趣。(狀態(tài)) My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告訴他的話讓我哥哥非常感興趣。(動態(tài)) 2.在被動語態(tài)中謂語動詞一定是及物動詞,也就是說必須跟賓語的動詞。如: We can make metals into different shapes. (主動語態(tài)) → Metals can be made into different shapes. (被動語態(tài)) 在主動語態(tài)中make是及物動詞,其動作的承受者即賓語是metals。 但是,并非所有的及物動詞都有被動語態(tài)。比如,表示靜態(tài)的動詞(have、belong to)、賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞等。例如: He has a nice house. 他有一所漂亮的房子。 We must help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。 3.主動語態(tài)中的主語在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時通常變?yōu)橛山樵~by的引出的賓語。如:
They have already cut down the trees. → The trees have already been cut down by them. 那些樹木已經(jīng)被他們砍光。 如果謂語動詞是know,在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,原來的主語變?yōu)橛蓆o引出的賓語。如: May people know him very well. → He is well known to many people. 很多人都非常了解他。 注意:我們之所以用被動語態(tài)是因為我們不清楚動作的執(zhí)行者、或沒有必要指出動詞的執(zhí)行者等。因此很多被動語態(tài)沒有由by引出的賓語。如: People may lose their lives and homes or they may be injured badly in a fire. 在大火中人們可能失去性命和家園,要不就是嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?BR>It is used for protecting the fireman from smoke. 它用來保護(hù)消防人員以避免吸進(jìn)煙霧。 4.在主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,時態(tài)一般應(yīng)保持一致。如:
We will build more factories in my hometown. → More factories will be built in my hometown. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將要建起更多的工廠。 為此,我們必須記住以下某些時態(tài)的被動結(jié)構(gòu): do(es)→ is/am/are done did → was/were done have/has done → have/has been done will do → will be done be doing → be being done 5.某些動詞可以跟雙賓語如give、pass、bring、write;buy、make等,在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時如果直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)中的主語,則間接賓語通常由介詞to、for引出。例如:
My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. → A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday. 我過生日時收到了姐姐的一塊手表。 They have bought us many books. → Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多書都是由他們給我們買的。 6.某些動詞make、hear、see、watch等在主動語態(tài)中,其賓語補(bǔ)足語要求用不帶to的不定式。但在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時通常省略的不定式符號to必須恢復(fù)。如:
He made us clean the classroom after school. → We were made to clean the classroom after school. 我們被迫在放學(xué)后打掃教室。 I saw him come into the room. → He was seen to come into the room. 人們看見他進(jìn)了屋子。 7.在主動語態(tài)中如果謂語動詞是含有介詞或副詞的短語動詞,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不能丟掉該介詞或副詞。如:
They must take good care of the children. → The children must be taken good care of. 孩子們必須小心照看。 8.英語中某些動詞如sell、lock、draw、start等在否定句、進(jìn)行時或用在某些形容詞、副詞前可以表示被動意義。如:
This kind of books sells well. 這種書暢銷。 The door won’t lock. 門鎖鎖不上。 |
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